Role of Hydrodynamic Conditions in the Distribution of Anodic Dissolution Rates in Cavity Etching Regions during Electrochemical Micromachining of Partially Insulated Surfaces

Experimental study of the distribution of local rates of electrochemical micromachining in the presence of photoresist masks in various hydrodynamic conditions (macroscopically nonuniform rotating disk electrode, sprayer flow, an electrode placed into a cell with chaotic bulk electrolyte mixing) shows that the maximum etching localization is achieved at the control of the dissolution rate by the mass transport rate (at achieving the anodic limiting current). The localization enhancement as compared to the primary current distribution takes place in the case of a turbulent flow at hydrodynamic conditions where the removal of dissolution products from the undercutting region is hindered. These conditions (electrochemical reaction limited by the ion mass transport rate, high resistance to the mass transport in the undercutting region) are necessary for the localization enhancement using a pulsed anodic–cathodic treatment.     

新型亚微米亲水作用色谱的制备及其在加压毛细管电色谱中的应用

采用改良Stöber法合成580 nm亚微米单分散的二氧化硅微球，并以此为基质，通过"巯基-烯"点击化学反应将半胱氨酸成功键合到修饰有乙烯基团的二氧化硅微球表面，合成了一种新型亚微米亲水作用固定相（Cys-VTMS-SiO₂）。采用高压匀浆法制备了新型亚微米亲水色谱填充柱，通过不同乙腈比例、缓冲盐浓度和pH条件下对甲苯、丙烯酰胺和硫脲的分离分析揭示其亲水机理。依托加压毛细管电色谱平台，成功实现了对核苷、酚类、胺类及多肽等亲水性物质的快速有效分离，其有望应用于其他强极性和亲水性化合物的分离分析。     

垃圾在流化床中焚烧NO排放特性研究

在Ф150 mm流化床上，研究了六类典型组分垃圾NO转化率与床温和过量空气系数(excess air简称EA)的关系。研究发现，纸渣与木块NO转化率最高，橡胶与塑料最低;织物、纸张、厨余、木块、塑料NO均具有中温生成特性，一般在800 ℃～850 ℃时即接近最大值，之后温度升高对NO的生成影响不大;橡胶与无烟煤由于含N化合物结构稳定，其NO转化率随床温升高而增大;由于挥发分析出的相互影响，较低的火焰温度，混合垃圾NO转化率一般低于单组分垃圾的线性叠加;少量水分不会对垃圾NO转化率造成很大影响，相反还会促进NO的转化，但过量水分会抑制NO的生成。     

Impedance study of Ni–Co electro-deposition on Fe powder particles in fluidised bed systems

The electrochemical impedance method was applied during the electrochemical deposition of a binary Ni–Co coating on iron powder in a fluidised bed electrode system. The influence of the suspension density on the charge transfer in the course of the electro-deposition process was studied. At a potential of −900 mV (vs. Ag/AgCl/3 M KCl), when the binary Ni–Co layer was formed, the impedance data were characterised by two semicircles with the semicircle at high frequencies being larger in magnitude. A contribution of the diffusion process to the overall current was observed. The optimal suspension density for the charge transfer in the bed was 10×10⁻³–15×10⁻³ (i.e., 4–6 g of iron powder in 50 ml of electrolyte). The most probable mechanism of the charge transfer for the studied concentrations of powder particles is the convective mechanism. The iron particles dispersed in the electrolyte were considered to act as either a depolariser or an additional working electrode depending on the applied electrode potential and on the suspension density.     

循环流化床(CFB)煤/焦气化反应的研究 Ⅰ.操作气速、固体循环速率对循环流化床气化反应的影响

报道了山西西山焦煤飞灰，在小型循环流化床气化反应器上，以二氧化碳为气化介质，在不同操作条件下（气速、固体循环速率）的气化反应。研究结果表明，ＣＯ出口浓度及碳转化率随着ＣＦＢ操作气速减小、固体颗粒循环速率的增加而增加。即在ＣＦＢ床中，提高气体、固体停留时间（床内固体颗粒浓度）有利于ＣＦＢ气化的进行。ＣＯ浓度及碳转化率沿床高的变化趋势与床内颗粒浓度分布一致。     

Liquid fluidized bed starter culture ofTrichoderma reesei for cellulase production

A starter culture ofTrichoderma reesei (Rut-C30) prepared in a liquid fluidized bed reactor (LFBR) gave better growth and greater cellulase production in submerged fermentation than a conventional shake flask inoculum. The LFBR starter was prepared by first coatingT. reesei spores to 0.25 mm size corncob (1.0x10⁸g^-1) in a medium containing 1.0% corncob, 0.5 gL^-1 xylose and 0.1 gL^-1 lactose in a balanced salt solution, then fluidizing the particles in the LFBR for 36 h to allow germination of the spores, and covering the particles with an approx 30 μm thick biofilm. This biofilm that developed in constant adherence to the lignocellulosic carrier, apparently became well adapted to grow rapidly on insoluble cellulose substrates (Solca Floc), and had the enzymes of the cellulase complex induced for increased cellulase production. The LFBR starter used in a stirred tank reactor (STR) gave 15 gL^-1 biomass production and 6.5 IU mL^-1 overall cellulase activity with a volumetric productivity of 64 IU L^-1h^-1 in a 5 d fermentation, compared with a 7 d shake flask inoculum that gave 11 gL^-1 biomass and 3.2 IU mL^-1 cellulase activity, with a volumetric productivity of 31IU L^-1h^-1. The LFBR starter culture retained its viability in dry storage for 6–9 mo.     

扩张床吸附技术

扩张床是流化床的一种特例。它具有流化床的特点,能处理含悬浮颗粒的液体。又具有固定床的优点,流动成活塞流;返混程度低,分离效率高。作为蛋白质的初步分离方法,它能取代固液分离、浓缩和初步纯化等三步操作。具有提高收率、降低投资费用、缩短操作时间等优点,成为生物工程下游过程的研究热点。本文综述了近年来扩张床吸附技术的发展。包括：1、原理：床层的分层稳定性、吸附剂和吸附柱;2、操作：吸附、洗涤、洗脱和再生4个步骤;3、流动动力学特性：床层扩展特征和停留时间分布;4．在蛋白质纯化中的应用。     

Porous ceramic bed supports for fused silica packed capillary columns used in liquid chromatography

Porous ceramic bed supports for fused silica packed capillary columns utilized in liquid chromatography were prepared by polymerizing solutions containing potassium silicate in-situ within a column to create a mechanically stable, rugged, and easily constructed termination. The effect of the bed support length on efficiency, and comparisons to glass wool bed supports, were considered in terms of column efficiencies and hydrodynamic variables. Results obtained indicate better performance for the ceramic bed support.     

Practical capillary gas chromatography—a systematic approach

Capillary gc is now rapidly expanding. Naturally, initiation is most often attempted on the basis of the experience acquired with packed columns. However, such an extrapolation is successful only if a number of essential peculiarities of capillary gc are considered. Based on practical examples this paper discusses six essential details: 1) design and maintenance of the gas flow paths, 2) the greatly increased importance of sampling technique, which should not be confined just to stream splitting, 3) the problems in quantitative analysis arising from small sample size, 4) specific sources of trouble related to small amounts of liquid phase, 5) specific arguments for the choice of the carrier gas, clearly pointing to hydrogen as the ideal carrier and, 6) the different way to approach column production. Figures for all selected examples are given.     

新型微填充柱－毛细管柱二维色谱系统过程的动力学研究

从色谱动力学角度对新型微填充柱－毛细管柱二维色谱系统过程中双柱条件与流出曲线及柱效之间的依赖关系加以系统研究。结果表明：由于双柱条件之间存在关联，双柱系统流出曲线特征与单柱系统存在一定的差异，流出曲线一阶矩和二、三阶中心矩以及双柱系统的柱效皆由预柱和主柱条件综合确定。